FBI Violence Prevention Strategies to Assess and Manage Threats Against Health Care

00;00;01;03 - 00;00;24;19
Tom Haederle
Despite hospitals sustained efforts to protect them, our health care workforce has faced a sharp increase in workplace violence, especially since the start of the pandemic. In fact, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has found that health care workers are five times more likely than any other type of worker to be physically attacked on the job. Can such acts of violence be predicted and deflected in advance?

00;00;24;21 - 00;01;03;11
Tom Haederle
The FBI is hard at work on that question. Welcome to Advancing Health, a podcast from the American Hospital Association. I'm Tom Haederle with AHA Communications. Films such as Silence of the Lambs and many others paint a fascinating, if somewhat misleading - picture of behavioral profiling. In Hollywood, the good guys nail the bad guys just in time by correctly interpreting all of the signals and clues.
00;01;03;13 - 00;01;29;21

Tom Haederle
Real life is more nuanced. In this podcast hosted by John Riggi, the AHA’s National Advisor for Cybersecurity and Risk, the unit chief of one of the FBI's five behavioral analysis units discusses what behavioral threat assessment really means as it applies to the threat of violence against hospitals and health care teams. Her take: the solution lies in close partnerships between law enforcement and local communities.

00;01;29;23 - 00;02;00;12
John Riggi
Thank you, Tom, and thanks all for tuning in today on this very, very important episode concerning violence on hospital premises, violence against our workforce. Many of you may know me from the work that I and the AHA do on cybersecurity. Unfortunately, not all the threats we face in health care are virtual foreign-based attacks. They are often physical acts of violence, which occur hourly on hospital premises across the nation, often directed against staff.

00;02;00;14 - 00;02;47;21
John Riggi
Hence, the risk portion of my duties includes leveraging my background at the FBI to help hospitals mitigate the risk of these violent attacks. How bad is this problem? The CDC and other sources show that health care workers, particularly nurses, are at a far higher risk of workplace violence compared to most other professions. For example, data obtained from nurses in a major population based study showed a rate of physical assaults at 13.2 per 100 nurses per year and a rate of 38.8 per 100 nurses per year for nonphysical violent events such as threats, sexual harassment and verbal abuse.

00;02;47;24 - 00;03;20;07
John Riggi
Of course, unfortunately we have had many incidents of gun violence on hospital premises, often resulting in multiple casualties per incident. So I'm very pleased to have with me here today Dr. Karie Gibson. Dr. Karie Gibson has been a special agent with the FBI for 17 years and currently serves as the unit chief for the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit one, which includes the Behavioral Threat Assessment Center known as the BTAC, a National Level Multi-Agency Multi-discipline Energy Task Force.

00;03;20;10 - 00;03;50;21
John Riggi
Dr. Gibson was a supervisory special agent and profiler at BAU1 for over six years prior to being promoted to unit chief. Prior to becoming an agent with the FBI, Dr. Gibson was and continues to be a licensed clinical psychologist. So, Dr. Gibson, thank you so much for joining us here today on this very important episode. And thank you again for the partnership and working with us to help stem the violence that we see far too often in our hospitals.

00;03;50;23 - 00;04;09;20
John Riggi
So my first question is, when most people think of the work done in the FBI's behavioral analysis unit, BAU, what comes to mind is what we see on TV shows like Criminal Minds. Can you explain what the BAU and Critical Incident Response Group is and what the units do?

00;04;09;23 - 00;04;35;04
Karie Gibson
Yeah, absolutely. So the Critical Incident Response Group is our main section where the BAU lives and the Critical Incident Response Group was created so that we were operationally ready to respond to critical incidences. Part of that is the BAU. So many people think it's like TV, right, that there's only one big BAU, but in actuality, there's five separate BAU units.

00;04;35;07 - 00;04;57;14
Karie Gibson
I am part of BAU unit one, which our primary mission is to prevent acts of terrorism and targeted violence. But then there is BAU2, which is primary mission is to prevent cyber attacks and to work within the cyber arena. And there's BAU three, which is crimes against children and then BAU4 for crimes against adults and then BAU5 is our research and training arm.

00;04;57;17 - 00;05;12;12
Karie Gibson
And so we are all here to be a resource for our local, state and federal partners in dealing with behaviors of offenders. And so our units are divided up by violation to focus on those specific offenders that would fall within within our specific areas.

00;05;12;15 - 00;05;30;04
John Riggi
Thank you for that, Dr. Gibson. People might think of your unit as predicting or profiling individuals of concern. Can you explain to us what the threat assessment and threat management model is, which helps to evaluate potential threats, mitigate and prevent violence?

00;05;30;07 - 00;05;46;04
Karie Gibson
It's really not about profiling so much as it's about prevention. And so when we're in this space, our main mission is to prevent those acts of terrorism and targeted violence. And so one of the biggest tools that we have to do that is what's known as threat assessment management. And some people have heard of that and others haven't.

00;05;46;11 - 00;06;12;19
Karie Gibson
But it's more of a nontraditional tool that falls within law enforcement circles as well as other circles. It's a team approach. You have a multidisciplinary team that comes together. They look at a person of concern that's demonstrating different behaviors that they're looking at, and they're trying to figure out exactly what that means. This group comes together, they look at how that person of concern is thinking and how they're behaving, and they look at those specific behaviors and see if they're progressing

00;06;12;26 - 00;06;36;25
Karie Gibson
moving from thought to action towards committing an act of targeted violence. And so it's very important that it is a team approach. It's very important that we're looking at the totality of factors that go into that individual and the circumstances that surround them. Once we are able to sit down and look at how they're thinking and behaving and being able to see are they moving on the pathway to violence and we're able to use threat management.

00;06;36;25 - 00;06;56;27
Karie Gibson
Threat management is a very individualized approach where you are looking at all the enhancers of targeted violence and the mitigators and you're trying to increase those mitigators. And so you're trying to work towards that individual and what they need and being able to address that in a way that's functional for them. And so it's different all the time.

00;06;56;29 - 00;07;14;10
Karie Gibson
There's no cookie cutter type model that can be done. But it's very important to, again, like I said, an individualized approach for that person. And that's the threat measure piece of it. You can't have one without the other. It does no good for me to tell you you have a high concern person here who's moving on the pathway to commit X targeted violence.

00;07;14;12 - 00;07;34;03
Karie Gibson
And then I don't tell you how to fix that or how to mitigate it. Right. And so the threat management plan has to go with that threat assessment and they complement each other. And so from a law enforcement perspective, we run into a lot of different cases that people might be concerned about. And we don't have those traditional law enforcement tools present because they haven't committed a crime.

00;07;34;05 - 00;07;51;10
Karie Gibson
So therefore, threat assessment management is a tool that's available in that prevention space. And more and more law enforcement officers are using it as well as other entities like yourself, like in hospitals or in schools or private corporations or mental health practitioners all around the United States and overseas are using it.

00;07;51;12 - 00;08;17;04
John Riggi
Thank you, Dr. Gibson. And I think you brought out a point that many folks don't understand is that the FBI and all law enforcement is really limited on what they can do when there's a potential for violence, when the subject or the individual has not actually engaged in behavior that would be a crime. And there's always that Monday morning quarterbacking going on after some mass shooting and saying, why didn't law enforcement intervene?

00;08;17;06 - 00;08;34;25
John Riggi
Again, not understanding that you are limited by the laws and Constitution on how far you can go when there's just a threat or suspicion of violence. So I have a follow up here. Can you explain how or why this is relevant specifically to hospitals and health systems? I know you deal with lots of organizations and sectors.

00;08;34;28 - 00;08;56;21
Karie Gibson
It's really hard, I think, for everybody, because as we go through every day, we're seeing what's on the news. You're seeing more and more acts of targeted violence happening. You're starting to see that violence spill into different areas. It's really not a law enforcement problem. It's more of a community problem. And unfortunately, our hospitals are soft targets for violence to occur.

00;08;56;23 - 00;09;14;29
Karie Gibson
I think any place out there that has the ability to have large numbers of people there or more of a public space where people can enter at their own will, we're all vulnerable in those environments. And I think that if we go about thinking that we're immune from that violence, then we're just setting ourselves up to be even that much more vulnerable.

00;09;14;29 - 00;09;32;21
Karie Gibson
So the best option is for all of us as community members to come together and do what we can in our own spaces to protect them as well as educate individuals that are within that space and what to look for and what to do when they see something concerning and being able to work with our partners to really enhance that.

00;09;32;27 - 00;09;54;07
Karie Gibson
I think one of the biggest things that happens is we work in silos. Hospitals will have their silo, law enforcement will have their silos, schools will have their silos. And I know why we're set up that way, because we're different entities and we have different systems that we use and different rules we have to follow. At the end of the day, if we all come together and work together in more of a proactive prevention space, then everyone is going to be safe.

00;09;54;13 - 00;10;01;19
Karie Gibson
From my experience in training, hospitals are just as likely to have an act of targeted violence as anyplace else.

00;10;01;22 - 00;10;21;25
John Riggi
Totally agree with you, Dr. Gibson. You know my work in cyber, we're often faced with this issue of how much information we share with the government. How much information is the government sharing with us? How do we work together? It's clear whatever the threat issue is, we have to approach this not only as a whole of government approach or just a private sector issue.

00;10;21;25 - 00;10;41;23
John Riggi
It truly has to be a whole of nation in a community-based approach. So really love what you're doing there and in our projects going forward. Speaking of, the AHA and the FBI are working together on Threat Assessment and Threat Management Initiative, can you explain to our listeners what we are looking to do as part of that initiative in its goals?

00;10;41;26 - 00;11;03;19
Karie Gibson
Absolutely. So the FBI has been trying again in this field, in this prevention space. We're trying to be proactive and look at things in different ways. As this problem evolves, the solution needs to evolve. And so part of what the FBI is did, we built out this structure that spans the United States with the vets integrating with our FBI field offices.

00;11;03;19 - 00;11;30;04
Karie Gibson
And so there's 56 FBI field offices out there. We have partners at all of those 56 field offices. And specifically at each field office, we have what's called a threat management coordinator. And so that threat management coordinator is responsible for building assistant management capability at the local level, as well as working with local law enforcement on cases that are concerning and that need to come in to the FBI's behavioral analysis unit for mitigation.

00;11;30;06 - 00;11;53;17
Karie Gibson
And so as we are, again, looking outside of of what we can do, right, as we're being proactive in this space, traditionally we have been within the law enforcement space. Obviously with the FBI or law enforcement officers, we've been in that space. But as we've saturated that market with getting the right information to law enforcement on what to look for, how to build these threat assessment teams, how to prevent these attacks, now we want to progress out.

00;11;53;17 - 00;12;12;05
Karie Gibson
And so the hospitals is one of our stakeholders in our community, just like our schools, just like our mental health practitioners are out there and just like the private corporations. And so we are branching out into the hospital network to help build a similar structure, utilizing those threat management coordinators that are on the ground. They're the boots on the ground.

00;12;12;05 - 00;12;32;10
Karie Gibson
They already have established resources locally. And as we go forward to progress to find the best practices, we're hoping to be able to link that map of that initiative up with the hospitals and then start to build upon that. And again, hospitals have to work within their own guidelines and follow their own privacy rules.

00;12;32;13 - 00;13;13;07
John Riggi
Dr. Gibson, some might be concerned about privacy and HIPAA regulations and health care when it comes to working with the FBI. And of course, there is tremendous sensitivity around using any type of demographics when it comes to what could be called profiling. Of course, profiling has such a negative connotation to that as well. Could you explain a little bit about how what you do is very different from how the public perceives profiling and also, could you talk to us about how the hospitals and health systems are integral to the threat management teams?

00;13;13;09 - 00;13;37;24
Karie Gibson
Yeah, absolutely. So I think that there is a lot of stereotypes out there on what profiling is. And there's, like you said, a lot of negative connotations. For what we do related to profiling is much different than what the general public would think about when they're thinking about it. So from our standpoint in my unit specifically, like I said, we're focused on prevention and really profiling isn't a part of that.

00;13;37;27 - 00;14;05;18
Karie Gibson
In the behavioral analysis unit, when you hear about someone being a profiler like myself or if we are going to be doing any type of profiling, it's known as an unknown offender profile and it's a very specific technique and tool that's used. And we have an unsolved crime and we are trying to figure out what are the best options in kind of narrowing that subject pool related to what we know about the behaviors of that crime.

00;14;05;20 - 00;14;24;29
Karie Gibson
And so it's a very, very specified type of tool that we're doing when we are doing that. And it's focused on the behavior. And I will tell you, in this day and age, we don't do that very much at all as far as that traditional working with law enforcement and how to narrow a pool of subjects in that way.

00;14;25;06 - 00;14;45;13
Karie Gibson
If you think about just where we are today with technology, right, like a lot of times they already have DNA or they have different things connecting to find the individuals that have committed those crimes. And so we don't need to kind of help them understand that. In my unit, what we would focus on if we are going to do anything related to that is anonymous, threatening communications.

00;14;45;15 - 00;15;09;06
Karie Gibson
And so you get in an anonymous threatening communication and you're trying to understand, you know, what level of risk or what level of threat is associated with that anonymous threatener And what are characteristics based off of those writings that will help us identify potential leads or areas to pursue, to understand who wrote that letter? And so that's where my unit uses it the most.

00;15;09;08 - 00;15;32;15
Karie Gibson
But really in the traditional sense, what we're doing in my unit is prevention. We're focusing on the behavior of individuals. We're focusing on who poses a threat. We're always interested in if somebody makes a direct threat, obviously, but we are also interested in does this person pose a threat to the community? And that's where we are plugged in in that space.

00;15;32;18 - 00;15;58;15
Karie Gibson
As far as hospitals being attached to, you know, threat assessment management and working with law enforcement, I think that there again, is a lot of stereotypes and misconceptions about that. I think that a lot of individuals feel that they work within a hospital system and therefore that's their agency. That's where they're a part of. And it doesn't necessarily work well with law enforcement because of the privacy issues related to the care that they are giving those patients.

00;15;58;17 - 00;16;17;02
Karie Gibson
I also think that in threat assessment management, people may feel like they can't be on a system management team because of that forward leaning kind of prevention approach. And what I will tell you is that's really kind of an old way of looking at things. We have to be more forward leaning in what we're thinking and how we're working together.

00;16;17;02 - 00;16;39;15
Karie Gibson
And so what we're finding is there's a lot of ways to work together and still respect the privacy laws that we all have to adhere to. Paying attention, though, to those those concerns that we have about community safety and working together. And so somebody in the hospital setting is going to be able to see, you know. Individuals are going to be able to hear individuals talking.

00;16;39;15 - 00;17;02;23
Karie Gibson
They're going to be able to see behavior. They're going to be able to have a fact pattern that they're looking at specifically related to that person within that hospital. And it may never go anywhere outside of that. But through the process of learning more about threat assessment management, learning more about what to look for, what are the high risk factors that are out there, what are the enhancers of targeted violence?

00;17;02;25 - 00;17;22;26
Karie Gibson
They were going to be able to start to pull together rather than all these different behaviors that they don't necessarily know what that means. They'll be able to put it into an equation that helps them see somebody escalating, somebody that maybe is rising to a level that they're more concerned about than somebody else. And that's when those discussions have to be had in-house.

00;17;22;29 - 00;17;51;25
Karie Gibson
When do we meet that threshold for law enforcement involvement and how can we work together in a way that's proactive when we're in that space. And then law enforcement are working...you know, we work with them all the time on how to work better with individuals that do have privacy concerns to help them understand that they have information to share that they want them to have as part of their treatment of an individual, but recognizing that that provider may not be able to share anything back.

00;17;51;25 - 00;18;14;14
Karie Gibson
And that's okay. For us from a prevention space, it's okay for law enforcement to share information one way. That's fine, because if we're getting that key information into a provider's hands or practitioner's hands, then now they have a they can use that piece of information with law enforcement along with what they already know, and then make the best treatment options that they know based off their experience.

00;18;14;16 - 00;18;37;17
John Riggi
Thank you for that, Dr. Gibson, I think you brought out a couple of points which I'd like to emphasize. One, again, your focus is on the behavior of an individual, not their demographics, and ultimately working with the community and understanding and hospitals in particular, we are legally bound to respect the privacy of the health information of our patients.

00;18;37;20 - 00;18;58;29
John Riggi
Again, the challenge is for us is that understanding where is that point where we can certainly work with law enforcement, notify law enforcement when there is not the clear indication of violence. But there are those certain triggers, and I think that's where you and your unit have become so invaluable to us to helping identify those risks ahead of time.

00;18;58;29 - 00;19;17;10
John Riggi
Just like when I worked on counterterrorism. See something, say something, again based on actions or behavior. I know the FBI has done a lot of work in other critical infrastructure industries and with schools. How can all this great work be translated into the health care industry?

00;19;17;13 - 00;19;37;29
Karie Gibson
You know, from from my opinion, what I think is is great about the health care industry is the fact that you have this entity right, that has so many activities happening all the time. Right? So you have medical care happening, you have people coming and going, you have providers coming and going. There's a lot of hustle and bustle.

00;19;38;01 - 00;20;00;05
Karie Gibson
Some people might see all of that as the challenge as far as exposure to the threat of targeted violence. And there's so much hustle and bustle happening and everyone's so busy that they can't necessarily slow down or I see somebody who's acting differently or behavior significance is lost because of the tempo that is, that those hospitals are at that scene.

00;20;00;08 - 00;20;38;09
Karie Gibson
But I would argue that it's actually a very bystander-rich environment. And so when we are looking at all of these different concepts and how to translate them and really kind of be force multipliers for different entities out there, it's really capitalizing on the the strengths that are within those those entities. And to have all of those different individuals that make contact with people every day, the hospitals themselves turn into great bystanders of that behavior and being able to further question or see changes in that person just do their regular job, the regular course of action of what they're doing in that health care setting.

00;20;38;11 - 00;21;12;12
Karie Gibson
And so I feel like by being able, number one, to educate all of the individuals that are that are out there on those high risk factors, those pre-attack behavior indicators, those behavioral changes, being able to be forward leaning in first, letting people know what to look for, and then helping people understand how best to interact with individuals, to minimize a grievance, to minimize somebody's frustration or anger, and then having an actual system set up, referring to when we do have an issue, right, we do have a concern within our hospital.

00;21;12;15 - 00;21;30;13
Karie Gibson
What do we do with that information? Right. Having an action plan of what's going to happen in some of that action plan would include when a certain threshold is met, that law enforcement should be notified of that behavior. And the concern that we have that violence could happen by that person. And so I think that, again, it's more similar than not.

00;21;30;13 - 00;21;49;19
Karie Gibson
And it's it's really that same blueprint of having people know what they're looking for and what to do with that information. So many times in my line of work after these attacks happen, what I hear is, yeah, I had concerns, but I never told anyone or I had concerns, but it was just me. Like, who am I to say that that was a concerning behavior?

00;21;49;26 - 00;22;16;06
Karie Gibson
And the problem is, is that it's one piece, right? And unless we put all those pieces together, we don't know the significance of that behavior that we're seeing. And so we really need everybody to be looking, like I said, and be listening. And what I tell everybody is it's not just 9 to 5. I want everybody to be aware all the time, because that's how we're able to prevent is we were involved sooner versus later, no matter what our jobs are roles.

00;22;16;06 - 00;22;31;25
Karie Gibson
And so I think in that factor that's really the force multiplier. And so when we get out there, these different entities, it's the same information that we're getting out there, same kind of courses of action, but we're applying it specifically to the health care setting and being able to fold it into your guys as processes.

00;22;31;27 - 00;22;58;06
John Riggi
I appreciate the explanation, Dr. Gibson, I think they were very insightful on a couple of key points. Even though you haven't worked with hospitals and health systems, at least through this program, very much understanding that we are a 24/7 operation. We often see people like law enforcement at their worst. And we do see criminal activity, the results of criminal activity, often gun violence in the communities spills over into the hospitals.

00;22;58;06 - 00;23;21;12
John Riggi
We're treating the victims of this tremendous gun violence in our communities. And it's a delicate balance that we have to be there for the community. Community must trust us as well and not view us as an extension of the government. That will be a challenge as well for us to preserve that. Folks know that ultimately what we want to do is help people and prevent violence.

00;23;21;15 - 00;23;30;20
John Riggi
What is some of the other challenges you see developing these threat assessment and threat management strategies in hospitals and health systems?

00;23;30;23 - 00;23;58;14
Karie Gibson
From my perspective, I am a law enforcement officer and I work with many different entities all the time, but I'm also a psychologist. And so I understand the privacy laws that are out there, the confidentiality that has to be had and that need for patients to feel trust for their providers just to know that they're independent. Right. Nobody wants to feel like it if they go to the doctor, that immediately that's going to that information is shared with law enforcement.

00;23;58;14 - 00;24;18;03
Karie Gibson
Nor should it be, right? Like there's a reason why there's protections are in place. I think that from our standpoint that one of the biggest challenges that we face is because HIPAA has been such a force to be reckoned with out there. Right. Like we all know what's important. We all have to follow it the medical setting.

00;24;18;03 - 00;24;40;07
Karie Gibson
You guys have to follow it, right? And it's something we've had for a long time. I think a lot of people still, though, misunderstand that and don't understand that there are exceptions to HIPAA. There's law enforcement exceptions to HIPA. There's certain things that when that concern is present and the risk is there, right? That that that allows for conversations to be had.

00;24;40;07 - 00;24;58;26
Karie Gibson
And I don't think that people readily understand that or realize that. And they've been so used to just saying, no, we can't Talk, we can't talk, can't talk that now there's barriers. And I think that we all have to go about our jobs and do it in the appropriate way. But those barriers sometimes should be there and then sometimes they shouldn't.

00;24;58;29 - 00;25;24;21
Karie Gibson
And so what I find in challenges in working with the health care system from a law enforcement perspective is that people are misinformed about HIPAA because of the misinformation towards HIPAA. And when we can involve law enforcement, a situation escalates and law enforcement are not called until it's a really dire situation where if we would have been involved sooner versus later and some of those aspects, it wouldn't have escalated to that point.

00;25;24;23 - 00;25;52;12
Karie Gibson
And that's kind of hard, right, Because we can't undo what's already been done in certain situations. The other challenge that's there is we all want the same thing. We all want to have people be safe and prevent violence. And so we should be able to sit down and have conversations on understanding each other's processes and understand how we can work together in that space to make sure that we are saving lives versus hindering and actually enhancing the risk of targeted violence.

00;25;52;12 - 00;26;12;19
Karie Gibson
There are situation where we can make it worse, where we can actually propel someone to violence. And so talking about the active threat posed or that we face in our communities or specific individuals that are out there, we may not be able to talk about those specific individuals, but we can talk about behaviors and we can talk about what that behavior means.

00;26;12;19 - 00;26;30;23
Karie Gibson
And there's lots of us out here that are subject matter experts that can help you understand the significance of that behavior. I think that is another challenge there, is that because of those barriers, people aren't sharing those little tidbits or being able to really magnify and understand the behavior that's in front of them because they're afraid to ask the questions. 

00;26;30;23 - 00;26;55;16
John Riggi
Agreed. And I think, again, one of the points you're making is very important - among all of the points, of course, you're making - is that if an organization does not understand, if they can share a particular set of facts with the FBI or law enforcement in general without violating HIPAA, they certainly could have a discussion with you, with law enforcement in a anonymous fashion.

00;26;55;20 - 00;27;20;08
John Riggi
You have this fact pattern. Certainly they can consult with their own internal compliance and legal folks and privacy folks, and say based on this fact pattern and get a determination again without identifying the patient and see if there's a way that the information can be shared. But ultimately, we need to have the conversation before an incident, not a regretful conversation post some horrific incident.

00;27;20;11 - 00;27;34;02
John Riggi
Dr. Gibson, thanks again for being here today. Very, very insightful. What is the most important takeaway from today's discussion that you would want our leaders, our community and our listeners to know?

00;27;34;04 - 00;28;00;02
Karie Gibson
I feel really the most important thing that all of us need to focus on is we really need to collaborate. We need to come together and we need to work as a community to prevent targeted violence. As I said in the beginning, people tend to think of this as a law enforcement problem, and when something bad happens, it immediately comes to law enforcement for explanation or to look at what law enforcement did or did not do.

00;28;00;05 - 00;28;17;17
Karie Gibson
And I'm here to say law enforcement is only one piece of this, and we need our members of our community, we need all of our stakeholders to come together and we all need to work together. And that's how we take back America. That's how we get back to a safe spot. That's how we protect our softer targets that are out there in our communities.

00;28;17;17 - 00;28;38;10
Karie Gibson
And so whatever anyone's thoughts are about how we used to do things, it doesn't matter because that's not how today is anymore. We need to come together and work together. And that means law enforcement should be working with private sector. Law enforcement should be partners and have similar goals of keeping people safe with multiple industries that are out there.

00;28;38;12 - 00;29;01;05
John Riggi
Thank you, Dr. Gibson, for your expert perspective and for your partnership. And I'd like to thank all the men and women of the FBI and all our frontline heroes for everything that all of you do to protect our nation, to care for our patients and serve our communities. This has been John Riggi, your National Advisor for Cybersecurity and Risk at the American Hospital Association.

00;29;01;07 - 00;29;02;09
John Riggi
Stay safe, everyone.